The Bible Among Myth

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY A discussion SUMMARY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS BY AUTHOR JOHN N. OSWALT NAME OF STUDENT FABIOLA REID STUDENT ID 22379938 CLASS OBST 590 instructorS NAME DR. ALVIN THOMPSON DATE SUBMITTED 03/03/2013 INTRODUTION The author, John N. Oswalt, begins his introduction, speaking in count ons to the differences between the hoary go out, religions and cultures of the people from the quaint Near East. As The al-Quran Among the Myths begins it is the assumption that while in that location has been no change since the 1960s, there has been a shifted.Before then, Scholars believed that the erstwhile(a) Testament was trusdeucerthy and not compargond to any new(prenominal), however, now scholars questioned this spirit and have got begun to believe that the Old Testament writings atomic number 18 similar to the other religions of its day. 1 Oswalt continues by discussing a most important philosophical difference within the Old Testament and its contemporaries. He stat es that there is a clear distinction between essence and accident. 2 Oswalt states that an accident can be something as similar as hair, while self-consciousness is an essential.To c on the whole for an accident will not ca social occasion change besides to remove an essential, this thing will arrest to be itself. 3 - The author establishes to the reader the conception of myth also imitating the option that scholars continue to differ greatly on this comment Oswalt insists that this ought to not dissuade the individual from seeking a good definition of the word. In order for him to define this word, he list four basic characteristics of a myth. 1. John N. Oswalt, The record Among the Myths, marvelous Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2.Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. The first characteristic mankind having little or no intrinsic grade and the indorsement characteristic was the relative lack of interest in diachronic studies. The third is the practice of phantasy and involvement with t he occult. The fourth is the refusal to accept responsibility for individual actions. 4 Oswalt concludes his introduction with a substantial claim. He emphasizes that theo logical claims are indispensable from diachronic claims. 5 Oswalt states that trustworthiness must be contingent upon both the theological and historical claims.If the historical claims are patently false, then no credence ought to be given to the theological decrees, In the end, I am not advocating a the Bible says it, and I believe it, and that settles it point of spatial relation, although those who disagree with me whitethorn palisade that to be the case. What I am advocating is a willingness to allow the Bible to determine the starting take of the investigation. 6 CHAPTER ONE - The first chapter discusses the Bible in milieu of its surroundings and contribution to society as a whole.Oswalt mentions that there are many contributions to way the Western world views reality. The Bible, however, is the most important contributor. 7 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. Greek mind The Greek philosophers of the early centuries brought in this way of thinking that was to have a profound effect on the western world. The printing, in a universe instead of a polyverse, adding, simple cause and effect, as swell up as non-contradiction were three of their most significant contributions. 8 Hebrew planWhile the Greek philosophers were struggling to designate their point of view, the Hebrews were also articulating their beliefs by way of the prophets. Their beliefs were as follows There is tho one God, God is the sole Creator of all that is, God exist apart from creation, God has do himself known to his people, God has made his will known to his people, and God rewards and punishes people for following or disobeying his will. 9 Combing Greek and Hebrew Thought -Oswalt states when the Gospel of Jesus presupposed the Israelite worldview, penetrated into the Greco-Roman world, this set the stage for the combination of the Greek and the Hebrew worldviews in the distinctively Christian way. The Greeks rational thought combined with Hebrew peoples belief in monotheism. 10 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25 Oswalt argues that logic was not completely developed until subsequently people realized that God not only was the sole creator of the universe, but was also completely separate from the creation.What is most important is that science and logic cannot stand on their own and if they attempt to then this will lead to self-destruction. Oswalt gives an example Hiroshima and the Buchenwald concentration camping area and humanitys achievements when it is devoid of Gods influence. 11 CHAPTER TWO In this succor chapter, Oswalt discusses his definition of myth. up to now onwards Oswalt begins this definition he begins to argue the very question with regard to the myth and why it is questioned at this time. Oswalt mentions that fifty years ago there would not be such a question.However by the 1960s and as more scholars begin to research the Bible, more questions aroused. 12 - Oswalt wishes to apply the appropriate classification to the Bible. Unequivocally, he describes whether or not the Bible should be considered a myth or not. In order to properly dress the question, Oswalt list several definitions posed by scholars today. As Oswalt listed these definitions, he also explains why he feels that they are inadequate. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. The category of definitions falls under one group known ashistorical-Philosophical and they are as follows 1.Etymological base on a false and fictitious deity or event. 2. Sociological-Theological the truth is seen as relative and something is seen as true if it is seen by others. 3. Literary the events are not seen as right or wrong. Instead, the narrative employs heavy use of symbolism to express its meaning. 13 - These definitions all have one thing in special K which is at their o nus they all believe in the philosophy of continuity. Oswalt states that continuity is a philosophical principle that asserts that all things are continuous with each other.Oswalt uses an example of a person being one with the tree. Not merely symbolically or spiritually, but certainly. The tree is me I am the tree. 14 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. CHAPTER THREE Chapter three discusses Continuity as the centerfield of topic. Carrying over from chapter two the one thing that myths have in common at their core is the bearing of continuity. This way of thinking is viewed as all things are viewed as related in some nominate or fashion. There are three study forces (humanity, nature, and the divine) this is where everything exists within the circle. 15 The effects of continuity are many and varied in accordance. One of these effects is looking at signs in nature. The effects are seek to be explained by weather signifiers, floods, fire, plagues and the celestial beings. Othe r examples are the effects of fertility and potency and the assimilation of the people thereof. Oswalt uses the example of how sexuality is so central to peoples lives today is a primer coat for this effect of continuity. 16 - Finally, Oswalt deals straightforwardly with what he feels are the common features of myth.Excluding a few exceptions, myths all share the belief that their existence is based on Polytheism. Which is the belief of more than one god or and many gods. The second is these gods in the form of images. The use of symbols and icons are believed strongly in order to interact with nature and the divine. The gods themselves are not view highly in fact view lowly, they are not seen as actual beings. Confliction is what is needed in order for the universe to evolve and myths have a low view of mankind. 17 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59.CHAPTER quadruplet In chapter four Oswalt reverts back to characteristics of the Bible. Here he argues with the topic o f transcendence, where God (who has been in existence before the universe) interacts with all things thereof. In this Biblical thought process there is uniqueness with regard to the modern-day belief systems in many ways. However one must bear in mind that the Old Testament is remarkably self-consistent regarding the things it maintains about the nature of reality. 18 Oswalt provides the reader with a broaden list of some common characteristics.Monotheism, of course one of the most obvious characteristics of the Bible that stands out among other religions. With the exception of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are all directly correlated from the Bible. Most other religions are polytheistic. The existence of Yahweh being the only God was a defining characteristic for the Old Testament and the Bible as a whole. 19 - Another characteristic of the Old Testament theory is that God was in existence prior to the all creation. All that exist is after God and God created it.Oswalt sta tes that if the world is full of chaos that it is not due to God but the spirit of this world. Oswalt mentions that the Bible is a position to insist that the problem of humanity is not a tragic fatedness to evil, but a spirit that prefers evil to good. 20 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. CHAPTER FIVE In chapter five Oswalt argues that the Bible is totally different from other religious writings and is unique in its self. Oswalt further discusses the issues of ethics, In the Ancient Near East the non-biblical worldviews held two sets of ethics.One set is related to how people interacted with each other. The other set of ethics is related to how people acted upon the deities. In Bible ethics behavior was defined by God and God alone and not event to the social changes in society, they obey God. 21 Oswalt discusses some of the similarities between Israelites and non-Israelites. Some of the practices were quite similar. The sacrificial ceremonial, the manner of their offe rings, the layout of the synagogue and temple and also the decoration of the temple all seem similar to those of the Israelite and non-Israelite people.Their practices of expression and thought pattern were similar to where Oswalt indorses his belief that these areas are incidental and not essential to the basic identities of the people. 22 CHAPTER SIX - Chapter six introduces the Bible and History, Oswalt points out the there is a distinction, between myths and the Bible, whereas the myths are based on many gods, the Bible is based on one God. History and the Bible run parallel to each other. Oswalt argues the idea that to state the Bible is not historical is something of an oxymoron. 23 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. Oswalt uses Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language to describe the definition that he feels would best fit history. History functions on different levels. Its connections could be to someone or something or both. Yet the Bible is its own form of history correlated with mankind and their surroundings. 24 CHAPTER SEVEN AND EIGHT Oswalt attempts to character reference some of the issues that were used against the Bible concerning its historical stance.Oswalt does mentions some gaps, progress and lack of progress, whether the Bible is history-like or historical fiction as well as how it relates to revelation and supernatural events and whether Israel is unique in these areas. 25 Oswalt makes the case in the eight chapter that the Bible is historical and completely accurate. Oswalt states this matter is of the utmost importance. While one would state that there are sections of the Bible that are not historical for example poetic and wisdom, these too are historical because they describe people, relationships weaknesses and failures.The entire Bible is historical especially when it pertains to the history of the Jesus Christ. - The author states that one could argue German distinction between Historie (defining what happen) and Geschichte (telling what is going on) as being valid. 26 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. The conclusion of this section determines that history is inseparable from theology in the Bible. Theology is in relation to the historical events. The author uses an exceptional example with regard to the resurrection to support this conclusion.He directs the reader to one of the epistles written by the Apostle Paul to the church of Corinth. The Apostle Paul states that ones faith cannot exist without a historical belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. 27 If Christ was not elevated then your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. (1 Cor. 1517) CHAPTER NINE AND TEN - In chapter nine the author discusses alternative views pertaining to the biblical narrative as it is known today. He began with the arguments of John van Seters.Professor Van Seters emphasizes that the Bible had to have been altered by Jewish priest after Babylonian exile. 28 Osw alt mentions that the second is Frank Cross who assumes that the Bible used to be an epic poem, however was changed into the Old Testaments current state at some point. 29 The third is William Dever who believes that Israels belief systems were identical to Canaanite beliefs and the Christian scholars have overlooked certain facts throughout history to portray an inaccurate account of ancient Israel. 30 Then, finally, Oswalt discusses Mark metalworker and his opinion of Israels belief system. Mark Smith argues that Israels beliefs are directly originated from the Canaanites polytheistic beliefs. 31 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 173. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. The author concludes this book in chapter ten where he reiterates his main points taken from previous chapters. He stresses the major theme is that contrast between biblical and non-biblical views of reality. The biblical view is deep-seated in transcendence and the non-biblical view is deep-seated in conti nuity. 31 In the end, we may differ on the biblical worldview and theology, given to them, but what matters in the end is how we answer the following questions Is there a God? Does he have a will for our lives? Has he made known that will to us in intelligible actions and speech in time and space? If we answer no then the entire enterprise is bootless. However, if our answer is yes the question of what Gods will is and how he has chosen to reveal it becomes one of absolutely ultimate significance. 32 - 31. Ibid, 185. 32. Ibid, 194.REFERENCES 1. Oswalt, John, N. , The Bible Among the Myths Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2. Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59. 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 172. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. 32. Ibid, 185 33. Ibid, 194