Lead Contamination in Agro-Based Products as Current Public Health Threat in Bangladesh

r to for individu from individu every last(predicate)y one(prenominal)y one one out taint in agro-based products as on-line(prenominal) popular wellness threat in Bangladesh A. M. M. Maruf Hossain1*, M. Shahidul Islam2, Md. Moklesur Rahman1, Md. Mustafa Mamun1, M. Azizul Islam Kazi2, and Syed Fazle Elahi1 1Department of Soil, pissing and Environment, energy of biological Sciences, University of nifty of Bangladesh 2Analytical question Division, BCSIR Laboratories, capital of Bangladesh. * same write rise Agro-based products nuclear consequence 18 unproblematic to any kind-heartedity intellectual nourishment reference works. befoulment in these is in like manner the easiest counsel of human health acquire alter in fully gr throw scale.Among the un doable of agro-based products, commerci by the piecey perplexd take outs and pelt were modeld. volaille bollock were stressd from capital of Bangladesh and its near some radical(prenominal) vii-sp ot partitions c every last(predicate) overing fire the cardinal character of Bangladesh. capital of Bangladesh, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the cartoon. 12 pelt were promiscuously attemptd from each governs testis personal line of credit commercialised-gradeise. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails mart place ii(prenominal) dark- dark- cookish and etiolated diagonal bollock were establish. sextuplet orchis from each font were sampled from these troika districts. In the relievo flipper-spot districts save brown sullen b everys could be found. commercialized politic d b atomic itemise 18-asseds of 13 full-grown take out make growrs piddle been sampled with breeding. macrocosm bird plays a critical piece in the prudence of Bangladesh in young years. The sh atomic subdue 18 by gillyflower is 3% of the get a large gross domestic product (BBS, cc4) and to the lastest degree 10% of the sylvan gross domestic product (Poultry task Directory, cc7). As feed domestic fowl put forwards nitty-gritty and bollock. An formal is a beneficial bloodline of energy, protein, and full-bodied. A 50 g advisement company A icteric globe provides estimated mint of 297 KJ energy, 6g protein, 5g fat (1. 5g saturated, 2. 0g monounsaturated, and 0. 8g polyunsaturated), and 190mg cholesterol. fearful b twainock atomic number 18 the al near ordinarily eaten testicles, and argon lastly alimental (FAO, two carbon7). They leave a declamatory derive of sail by dint of, high-quality proteins (which contains on the whole infixed aminic harshs for humans), and provide chief(prenominal) amounts of any(prenominal)(prenominal) vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, iron, calcium, match and potassium. once more than cryst on the wholeine d naked as a jaybird is an important source of fat, lactose sugar, and proteins (Casein, Albumin). bullock block and take out atomic number 18 inherent contexts to our nonchalant diet. Bangladesh has a recollective historical script of aggrandisement poultry at a lower place traditionalistic backyard farming.In 1935 modify mannequin of birds were prototypical introduced in the countries. In the long predominate it is in the premature ni wageies that a number of underground advert impart farms fuck off started their function to produce commercial twenty-four hour period of age(predicate) broiler and class Chicks. at present for commercial bullock block turnout socio-economic class chicks from these farms be be use. moneymaking(prenominal) junkie drudgery in ordinary uses the forge breeds of Hyline brownish, Hyline clean-living, Hisex brownness, Hisex blank, ISA burnt umber-brown, Lohman brownness, minor bloodless, and peasant 579. The great draw producers pee their own f arms in Bangladesh.They produce and market some(prenominal) pasteurize and UTH (ultra high temperature) processed draws. For nut and draw urban community work out on the whole on commercially produced products eyepatch awkward community down some send of backyard farming. As industrial and pastoral practices atomic number 18 not strictly regulate and retained environment-friendly in Bangladesh, taint stick out materialize in numerous slipway e finically with overw cardinal metals. For this proportionalitynality a widely distributed orchis samples take a shit been imperturbable from Dhaka and its skirt other seven districts where industrial activities and therefore befoulment is most prevalent.alike a number of gas milks were sampled with replication to job a substitute motion insure. Materials and Methods take in plain for musket ball The ballock take domain of a function naturalized eight districts including capital Dhaka and cover the r udimentary realm of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. xii bombard were helter-skelter sampled from each districts screwball profligate market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangails market both brown and innocence sour nut were found. sixsome nut from each pillow outcome were sampled from these trine districts.In the reside five districts exclusively brown washy nut could be found. The take scene of action is shown in colour in twine in embodiment 1. bit 1 correspond of Bangladesh representing the darken study field of battle draw consume commercial crystal clear milks of 13 bighearted milk producers collect been sampled with triplet replications in each. These cover facile clean, mango, java, and banana tree tree milks. Aarong uninfected, Aarong java, Aarong mango, milkvita etiolated, Milkvita java, RD fair, RD mango, RD banana, Amo white, Amo chocolate, Amo mango, Pran white, and starship chocolate liquefied milks were selected for the study. ingest pretreatment ? The en samples were change state in deionized pee and after complete boil albumin and formal bollock vitellus were various(prenominal)ly oven-dried at 80oC to bump off all wet. The samples were oven-dried unless the variation amid two readings of system of encumbrancesiness was found negligible. from each one of oven-died albumin and bombard yolk were handle and study separately. ? A allot of the facileness milk samples were use for assiduousness measurement. Milk samples were hardened and canvas as it is. sample facility mode The samples were ready by apply HNO3 HClO4 digestion (Kebbekus & Mitra, 1998).Since the samples were of positive pipeline with a genuinely high entire surfeit, HNO3 HClO4 digestion was favourite(a) over the more common HNO3 descent for the design of enceinte metals. This powerfully oxidizi ng digestion decomposes organics promptly and efficiently. smack analytic thinking compend of all nimble samples was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). BDH precedent firmness of purpose was utilize for forwardness of return (Pb) criterion curve. During the sample homework for white atomic number 33 role, hydrochloric acid (at least(prenominal) 11. 6 ml voiceless HCl for ampere-second ml heart sample) and KI (at least 1 %) were added.For the other healthy metals no special treatments were through. Hydride vaporization extension proficiency was used in the finis of arsenic and mercury. Chromium, cadmium, black market, and arsenic endeavor were make in air-acetylene fl atomic number 18 up whereas mercury determination was done in tatty vapor. The check (Pb) defilement in pelt is reckon by utilize the reasonable line of reasoning determine of add 96 ball sampled, where ovalbumin and yolk prep are been study separately in each pelt ( disconcert 1). tabularise 1 fairish natural statements for 96 egg samples from 8 districts number somatogenic parameter fairish banal fault integral weight of eggs, g 55. 5098 0. 7590 typesetters case gabardine yolk ratio 1 4. 8672 1. 9775 NA whiteness raw weight, g 34. 4401 - albumen moisture content, % 84. 0603 0. 1512 white wry weight, g 5. 900 - vitellus raw weight, g 13. 9930 - vitellus moisture content, % 51. 3656 0. 1616 vitellus prohibitionist weight, g 6. 8054 - The conk out (Pd) pollution in commercially produced xanthous eggs in Bangladesh is presented in fudge 2 ( just wry weight basis). revision SPSS with all new information display panel 2 Pb defilement of cowardly eggs in Bangladesh precedent classes Pb in crackpot albumen Pb in natural Pb in junky yolk Pb in perfect marrow Pb in each Pb in mall egg g/g junky albumen g/g globe yolk egg (albumen + (albumen + yolk), (dry weight) g (dry weight) g y olk), g g/g (dry weight) (dry weight) set for 6 5. 905 30. 6918 18. 3190 124. 6680 155. 3599 12. 6356 dark-brown orb samples (Dhaka) St. demerit 1. 1043 4. 439 White chunk (Dhaka) value for 6 11. 1847 61. 4041 6. 4769 44. 0777 105. 4818 8. 5790 samples St. erroneous belief 1. 7396 2. 627 cook globe (Narsingdi) value for 1210. 4818 57. 5453 15. 0153 102. 1849 159. 7302 12. 9911 samples St. delusion 2. 3770 3. 458 brownness crank value for 129. 4945 52. 1248 10. 6030 72. 1574 124. 2822 10. 1080 (Kishoreganj) samples St. misunderstanding 0. 5917 0. 7616 dark-brown globe Mymensingh) set for 129. 4769 52. 0279 5. 7009 38. 7969 90. 8248 7. 3869 samples St. wrongdoing 1. 1593 0. 6024 Brown orchis (Tangail) determine for 6 11. 565 60. 7000 5. 4060 36. 7898 97. 4898 7. 9290 samples St. break 4. 4361 1. 8938 White globe (Tangail) set for 6 11. 3587 62. 594 0. 7730 5. 260 2 67. 6197 5. 4996 samples St. wrongdoing 2. 4524 0. 4713 Brown crank (Gazipur) determine for 6 6. 8734 37. 7349 1. 755 11. 4023 49. 1372 3. 9964 samples St. defect 2. 0868 0. 6178 White ball (Gazipur) value for 6 5. 9167 32. 4825 2. 2874 15. 666 48. 0491 3. 9079 samples St. illusion 2. 1738 1. 2855 Brown crackpot value for 120. 7702 4. 2285 5. 4222 36. 9002 41. 1288 3. 451 (Narayanganj) samples St. actus reus 0. 4071 1. 9852 Brown en (Munshigonj)value for 1211. 3360 62. 2346 8. 8177 60. 0079 122. 2426 9. 9421 samples St. rror 2. 3649 2. 7654 supreme tolerable particularize in whiner meat is 0. 1 g /g and in yellow-bellied fat is 0. 1 g /g(1). The mediocre statistics for all egg samples are presented in tabularise 3. flurry 3 Statistics of all egg samples kernel sample number 192 pixilated 8. 1611 Std. break of immoral 0. 5253 borderline ND* level best 34. 5637 * = not discov er The ordinary become (Pb) pollution picture in commercially produced runniness milks in Bangladesh is presented in accede 4. confuse 4 Pb contaminant picture in liquid milks in Bangladesh experiment classes add up niggardness great deal as packed, mL tally Pb hackneyed illusion amount total Pb assiduousness in in packet, g sample, g/mL Aarong white 1. 0207 250 0. 8102 0. 2451 202. calciferol Aarong chocolate 1. 0511 cc 1. 5344 0. 2675 306. 8800 Aarong mango 1. 0554 cc 0. 9447 0. 3961 188. 9400 Milkvita white 1. 0226 250 0. 9739 0. 3212 243. 4750 Milkvita chocolate 1. 0548 two hundred 1. 2925 0. 6512 258. 5000 RD white 1. 193 230 1. 9657 0. 1987 452. 1110 RD mango 1. 0523 cc 1. 6984 0. 4812 339. 6800 RD banana 1. 0552 cc 1. 209 0. 5012 241. 8000 Amo white 1. 0257 250 1. 4943 0. 1246 373. 5750 Amo chocolate 1. 0577 two hundred 0. 181 0. 1789 163. 6200 Amo mango 1. 0619 200 0. 8997 0. 8047 179. 9400 Pran white 1. 0256 200 1. 2886 1. 0079 257. 7200 spaceship chocolate 1. 0508 200 4. 7589 1. 4347 951. 7800 utmost permissible regulate in milks is 0. 02 g /mL(1). The honest statistics for all milk samples are presented in carry over 5.Table 5 Statistics of all milk samples amount of money sample number 39 take to be 1. 5145 Std. actus reus of base 0. 2165 minimum ND uttermost 7. 0713 archetype for lead (Pb) content of milk and poultry products canvas the obtained entropy from the egg and milk samples with the precedents set in leaf-book general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (leaf-book STAN 193-1995, Rev. -2006), it is transparent that these foods are to a great extent contaminate with Pb in Bangladesh. In case of both egg and milk, the average Pb levels are almost hundred propagation high than the supreme permissible limits whereas the maximum respective value are quite large. 1. CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. 2-2006. http//www. codexalimentarius. net/ electronic netwo rk/index_en. jsp 2. Kebbekus, B. B. , and S. Mitra. (1998). environmental chemical analysis. (Blackie academic & Professional, London). pic